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A centuries-old settlement that now ranks among the world's largest, Pakistan's seaport city of Karachi mixes intense urbanization with remnants of a natural environment. This true-color satellite image of Karachi shows the southwestern edges of the city.Two rivers, the Lyari and Malir, pass through Karachi en route to the Arabian Sea. The Lyari River passes north of the Port of Karachi, and expansive salt works, appearing as large geometric areas of green, line the northern edge of that river's delta. East of the port, the Malir River flows southward toward the sea. Between the port and the Arabian Sea, a barrier island runs northwest-southeast (left edge of the image). East of this island and west of the port sits a large expanse of water and mangroves. Water in the Lyari River Delta must empty into the sea through the Baba Channel.
Sediment colors the water flowing through that channel a lighter color than the surrounding ocean. Immediately east of the Port of Karachi lie two more mangroves, the larger of which is named Chinna Creek.Many of Karachi's oldest structures and most popular tourist attractions appear in the city center just northeast of the port, but street grids cover almost all of the available land outside of the mangroves. Photo courtesy of NASA.
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century.
The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited conflict - in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in mid-1998.
India-Pakistan relations improved in the mid-2000s but have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks and have been further strained by attacks in India by militants suspected of being based in Pakistan. Nawaz SHARIF took office as prime minister in 2013, marking the first time in Pakistani history that a democratically elected government completed a full term and transitioned to a successive democratically elected government. Pakistan has been engaged in a decades-long armed conflict with militant groups that target government institutions and civilians, including the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other militant networks. Geography:: PAKISTAN.
A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab. Description: bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (104 seats; members indirectly elected by the 4 provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 70 members - 60 women and 10 non-Muslims - directly elected by proportional representation vote; all members serve 5-year terms). Election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27, PML-N 26, MQM 8, ANP 6, PTI 7, JUI-F 5, PML-Q 4, BNP-A 2, NP 1, PML-F 1, other 7, independent 10; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML-N 126, PPPP 31, PTI 28, MQM 18, JUI-F 10, PML-F 5, other 22, independent 25, unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; seats by party as of July 2016 (includes women and non-Muslim seats) - PML-N 188, PPPP 46, PTI 33, MQM 24, JUI-F 13, PML-F 5, other 21, independent 12. Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to slow growth and underdevelopment in Pakistan.
Pakistan has a large English-speaking population. Nevertheless, a challenging security environment, electricity shortages, and a burdensome investment climate have deterred investors. Agriculture accounts for one-fifth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles and apparel account for most of Pakistan's export earnings; Pakistan's failure to diversify its exports has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Pakistan’s GDP growth has gradually increased since 2012. Official unemployment was 6.1% in 2016, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Human development continues to lag behind most of the region.
In 2013, Pakistan embarked on a $6.3 billion IMF Extended Fund Facility, which focused on reducing energy shortages, stabilizing public finances, increasing revenue collection, and improving its balance of payments position. The program concluded in September 2016. Although Pakistan missed several structural reform criteria, it restored macroeconomic stability, improved its credit rating, and boosted growth. The Pakistani rupee, after heavy depreciation in 2013, remained relatively stable against the US dollar in 2016. Low global oil prices in 2016 contributed to a narrowing current account deficit and lower inflation. Remittances from overseas workers continued to be a key revenue source, also mitigating the impact of the lack of foreign investment and a growing trade deficit on the country’s current account. Pakistan must continue to address several longstanding issues, including expanding investment in education and healthcare, adapting to the effects of climate change and natural disasters, improving the country’s business environment, reducing dependence on foreign donors, and widening the country’s tax base.
Given demographic challenges, Pakistan’s leadership will be pressed to implement economic reforms, promote further development of the energy sector, and attract foreign investment to support sufficient economic growth necessary to employ its growing and rapidly urbanizing population, much of which is under the age of 25.
Contents. Etymology The current name 'Peshawar' is derived from the former name of the place, Purushapura (: Puruṣapura; 'City of Men'). The Arab historian and geographer noted that by the mid 10th century, the city had become known as Parashāwar.
After the Ghaznavid invasion, the name was again noted to be Parashāwar. The city began to be known as Peshāwar by the era of Emperor, a name that is traditionally said to have been given by Akbar himself. The new name is said to have been based upon the for 'frontier town' or, more literally, 'forward city,' though transcription errors and linguistic shifts may account for the city's new name. Akbar's bibliographer, lists the city's name by both its former name Parashāwar, transcribed in Persian as پَرَشاوَر, and Peshāwar ( پشاور). Main articles: and Ancient Founding Peshawar was founded as the ancient city of Puruṣapura, on the Gandhara Plains in the broad. The city likely first existed as a small village in the 5th century, within the cultural sphere of eastern ancient Persia. Puruṣapura was founded near the ancient capital city of, near present-day.
Greek In the winter of 327–26, subdued the Valley of Peshawar during his, as well as the nearby and valleys. Following Alexander's conquest, the Valley of Peshawar came under suzerainty of, founder of the. A locally-made vase fragment that was found in Peshawar depicts a scene from ' play.
The nearby monastery was established in 46 CE, and was once a major centre of Buddhist learning. Following the, the region was ceded to the in 303 BCE. Around 300 BCE, the Greek diplomat and historian noted that ancient Peshawar was the western terminus of a Mauryan road that connected the city to the empire's capital at, near the city of in the modern-day state of. As Mauryan power declined, the based in modern declared its independence from the Seleucid Empire, and quickly seized ancient Peshawar around 190 BCE. The city was then ruled by several Iranic kingdoms. The city was then captured by, founder of the. Gondophares established the nearby monastery in 46 CE.
Perhaps the tallest building in the ancient world, Peshawar's once kept sacred Buddhist relics in the. In the first century of the, ancient Peshawar came under control of, founder of the. The city was made the empire's winter capital. The Kushan's summer capital at Kapisi (modern, ) was seen as the secondary capital of the empire, while Puruṣapura was considered to be the empire's primary capital. Ancient Peshawar's population was estimated to be 120,000, which would make it the seventh-most populous city in the world at the time. Around 128 CE, ancient Peshawar was made sole capital of the Kushan Empire under the rule of. As a devout Buddhist, the emperor built the grand Kanishka monastery.
After his death the magnificent was built in Peshawar to house Buddhist relics. The golden age of the Kushan empire in Peshawar ended in 232 CE with the death of the last great Kushan king,. Around 260 CE, the armies of the Emperor launched an attack against Peshawar, and severely damage Buddhist monuments and monasteries throughout the Valley of Peshawar. Shapur's campaign also resulted in damage to the city's monumental stupa and monastery. The Kushans were made subordinate to the Sasanids, and their power rapidly dwindled, as the Sasanids blocked lucrative trade routes westward out of Puruṣapura. Kushan Emperor was able to temporarily reestablish control over the entire Valley of Peshawar after Shapur's invasion, but the city was then captured by the Central Asian in the early 400s CE.
White Huns The devastated ancient Peshawar in the 460s CE, and ravaged the entire region of Gandhara, destroying its numerous monasteries. The was rebuilt during the White Hun era with the construction of a tall wooden superstructure, built atop a stone base, and crowned with a 13-layer copper-. In the 400s CE, the Buddhist visited the structure and described it as 'the highest of all the towers' in, which ancient travelers claimed was up to 560 feet (170 m) tall, though modern estimates suggest a height of 400 feet (120 m). In 520 CE the Chinese monk visited and ancient Peshawar during the White Hun era, and noted that it was in conflict with nearby Kapisa.
The Chinese monk and traveler visited ancient Peshawar around 630 CE, after Kapisa victory, and expressed lament that the city and its great Buddhist monuments had decayed to ruin — although some monks studying continued to study at the monastery's ruins. Xuanzang estimated that only about 1,000 families continued in a small quarter among the ruins of the former grand capital.
Early Islamic Until the mid 7th century, the residents of ancient Peshawar are believed to have been primarily ancient-Indianswith a ruling elite of Central Asian descent, who were then displaced by the of Kabul. Islam is believed to have been first introduced to the and inhabitants of Puruṣapura in the later 7th century. As the first Pashtun tribe to settle the region, the Pashtuns began settling in the Valley of Peshawar, and are believed to have settled regions up to the by the 11th century. The Arab historian and geographer noted that by the mid 10th century, the city had become known as Parashāwar. In 986–87 CE, Peshawar's first encounter with Muslim armies occurred when invaded the area and fought the under their king, Anandpal.
Medieval. Main article: On November 28, 1001, Sabuktigin's son decisively defeated the army of, son of Anandpal, at the, and established rule of the in the Peshawar region.
During the Ghaznavid era, Peshawar served as an important stop between the Afghan plateau, and the Ghaznavid garrison city of. During the 10th–12th century, Peshawar served as a headquarters for Hindu Panthi Yogis, who in turn are believed to have extensively interacted with Muslim Sufi mystics. In 1179–80, captured Peshawar, though the city was then destroyed in the early 1200s at the hands of the. Peshawar was an important regional centre under the.
The Khashi Khel, ancestors of modern-day and Pashtuns, began settling rural regions around Peshawar in the late 1400s. The Khashi Khel tribe pushed the Pashtun tribes east of the Indus River following a battle in 1515 near the city of. The interior of the Mohabbat Khan Mosque is elaborately with elegant and intricately detailed floral and geometric motifs.
Peshawar remained an important centre on trade routes between India and Central Asia. The Peshawar region was a cosmopolitan region in which goods, peoples, and ideas would pass along trade routes.
Its importance as a trade centre is highlighted by the destruction of over one thousand camel-loads of merchandise following an accidental fire at Bala Hissar fort in 1586. Mughal rule in the area was tenuous, as Mughal suzerainty was only firmly exercised in the Peshawar valley, while the neighbouring valley of Swat was under Mughal rule only during the reign of. In July 1526, Emperor captured Peshawar from. Babur is said to have renamed the city Begram, and rebuilt the city's fort. Babur used the city as a base for expeditions to nearby and. Under the reign of Babur's son, direct Mughal rule over the city was briefly challenged with the rise of the Pashtun king, who began construction of the famous in the 16th century. Peshawar was an important trading centre on Sher Shah Suri's Grand Trunk Road.
Akbar renamed Begram to Peshawar; perhaps derived from the ' pīsh shehr' ( پیش شهر) – meaning 'forward city', in reference to the city's frontier status. In 1586, Pashtuns rose against Mughal rule during the Roshaniyya Revolt under the leadership of, founder of the egalitarian, who shut down trade routes out of Peshawar, and laid siege to the city until 1587. Peshawar was bestowed with its own set of Shalimar Gardens during the reign of, which no longer exist. Peshawar's Sunehri Mosque dates from the Mughal era. Emperor 's Governor of Kabul, used Peshawar as his winter capital during the 17th century, and bestowed the city with its famous in 1630. Tribes rose against Mughal rule during the Yusufzai Revolt of 1667, and engaged in pitched-battles with Mughal battalions nearby. Tribes resisted Mughal rule during the Afridi Revolt of the 1670s.
The Afridis massacred a Mughal battalion in the nearby in 1672 and shut the pass to lucrative trade routes. Mughal armies led by Emperor himself regained control of the entire area in 1674. Following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, his son, former Governor of Peshawar and Kabul, was selected to be the Mughal Emperor.
As Mughal power declined following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire's defenses were weakened. Peshawar's fort was once the royal residence of the Durrani kings. On 18 November 1738, Peshawar was captured from the governor Nawab Nasir Khan by the armies during the under. During the chaotic post-Mughal period, Peshawar in 1747 was taken by, founder of the Afghan. Under the reign of his son, the Mughal practice of using Kabul as a summer capital and Peshawar as a winter capital was reintroduced, with the practice maintained until the invasion. Peshawar's served as the residence of Durrani kings during their winter stay in Peshawar.
Peshawar was attacked and briefly held by the, which conquered the city in the in May 1758. A large force of Pashtuns under the Durrani then re-conquered Peshawar in early 1759. Peshawar was noted to be the main centre of trade between and India by British explorer during the late 1700s. Peshawar was at the centre of a productive agricultural region that provided much of north India's dried fruit.
Timur Shah's grandson, became king, and quickly seized Peshawar from his half-brother,. Shah Shujah was then himself proclaimed king in 1803, and recaptured Peshawar while Mahmud Shah was imprisoned at Bala Hissar fort until his eventual escape. In 1809, the British sent an emissary to the court of Shah Shujah in Peshawar, marking the first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans.
His half-brother Mahmud Shah then allied himself with the Barakzai Pashtuns, and captured Peshawar once again and reigned until 1818. Sikh invaded Peshawar in 1818 and captured it from the Durranis. The Sikhs soon lost control, and so in 1823, Ranjit Singh returned to battle the armies of. Following the Sikh victory at the, Ranjit Singh re-captured Peshawar. By 1830, Peshawar's economy was noted by Scottish explorer to have sharply declined, with Ranjit Singh's forces having destroyed the city's palace and agricultural fields. Much of Peshawar's caravan trade from ceased on account of skirmishes between Afghan and Sikh forces, as well as a punitive tax levied on merchants by Ranjit Singh's forces. Singh's government also required Peshawar to forfeit much of its leftover agricultural output to the Sikhs as tribute, while agriculture was further decimated by a collapse of the dried fruit market in north India.
Singh appointed Neapolitan mercenary as administrator of Peshawar, who is remembered for having unleashed a reign of terror. His time in Peshawar is known as a time of 'gallows and gibbets.' The city's famous Mahabat Khan, built in 1630 in the Jeweler's Bazaar, was badly damaged and desecrated by the Sikh conquerors. The Sikh Empire formally annexed Peshawar in 1834 following advances from the armies of — bringing the city under direct control of the Sikh Empire's Lahore Durbar. An 1835 attempt by to re-occupy the city failed when his army refused to engage in combat with the. Sikh settlers from Punjab were settled in the city during Sikh rule. The city's only remaining were built by to accommodate the newly-settle Sikhs.
The Sikhs also rebuilt the Bala Hissar fort during their occupation of the city. British Raj. Built for wealthy local merchants in a Central Asian architectural style, the features several homes dating from the British era. Following the defeat of the Sikhs in the in 1849, territories in the Punjab were also captured by the British East India Company. The British for re-established stability in the wake of ruinous Sikh rule. During the, the 4,000 members of the native garrison were disarmed without bloodshed; the absence of brutality meant that Peshawar was not affected by the widespread devastation that was experienced throughout the rest of British India and local chieftains sided with the British after the incident. The British laid out the vast to the west of the city in 1868, and made the city its frontier headquarters.
Additionally, several projects were initiated in Peshawar, including linkage of the city by railway to the rest of British India and renovation of the Mohabbat Khan mosque that had been desecrated by the Sikhs. British suzerainty over regions west of Peshawar was cemented in 1893 by Sir, foreign secretary of the British Indian government, who collaboratively between British controlled territories in India and Afghanistan. The British built in celebration of the, and in 1906 built the Victoria Hall (now home of the ) in memory of.
The British introduced Western-style education ito Peshawar with the establishment of and in 1901 and 1913, along with several schools run by the. For better administration of the region, Peshawar and the adjoining districts were separated from the Punjab Province in 1901, after which Peshawar became capital of the new province. Was built during the British-era, and is now one of Peshawar's most prestigious educational institutions. Peshawar emerged as a centre for both and intellectuals during the British era. Hindko speakers, also referred to as Khaarian ('city dwellers' in Pashto), were responsible for the dominant culture for most of the time that Peshawar was under British rule. Peshawar was also home to a non-violent resistance movement led by, a disciple of.
In April 1930, Khan led a large group of Khan's followers protested in Qissa Khawani Bazaar against discriminatory laws that had been enacted by the British rulers — hundreds were killed when. Modern era In 1947, Peshawar became part of the newly created state of, and emerged as a cultural centre in the country's northwest. The was established in the city in 1950, and augmented by the amalgamation of nearby British-era institutions into the university. Until the mid-1950s, Peshawar was enclosed within a city wall and sixteen gates. In the 1960s, Peshawar was a base for a operation to spy on the, with the resulting aircraft an aircraft flown from Peshawar was shot down by the Soviets.
From the 1960s until the late 1970s, Peshawar was a major stop on the famous. During the in the 1980s, Peshawar served as a political centre for the and the -trained groups based in the camps of. It also served as the primary destination for large numbers of Afghan refugees. By 1980, 100,000 refugees a month were entering the province, with 25% of all refugees living in Peshawar district in 1981. The arrival of large numbers of Afghan refugees strained Peshawar's infrastructure, and drastically altered the city's demography.
Like much of northwest Pakistan, Peshawar has been severely affected by violence from the attacks of the extremist. Local poets' shrines have been targeted by the, a targeted the historic, and most notably the in which Taliban militants killed 132 school children.
Peshawar suffered 111 acts of terror in 2010, which had declined to 18 in 2014, before the launch of which has further reduced acts of violence throughout Pakistan. More civilians died in acts of violence in 2014 compared to 2010 – largely a result of the Peshawar school massacre.
Geography. Main article: With an influence from the local steppe climate, Peshawar features a ( BSh), with very hot summers and mild winters. Winter in Peshawar starts in November and ends in late March, though it sometimes extends into mid-April, while the summer months are from mid-May to mid-September. The mean maximum summer temperature surpasses 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest month, and the mean minimum temperature is 25 °C (77 °F). The mean minimum temperature during the coolest month is 4 °C (39 °F), while the maximum is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F). Peshawar is not a region, unlike other parts of Pakistan; however, rainfall occurs in both winter and summer.
Due to western disturbances, the winter rainfall shows a higher record between the months of February and April. The highest amount of winter rainfall, measuring 236 millimetres (9.3 in), was recorded in February 2007, while the highest summer rainfall of 402 millimetres (15.8 in) was recorded in July 2010; during this month, a record-breaking rainfall level of 274 millimetres (10.8 in) fell within a 24-hour period on 29 July 2010 — the previous record was 187 millimetres (7.4 in) of rain, recorded in April 2009. The average winter rainfall levels are higher than those of summer. Based on a 30-year record, the average annual precipitation level was recorded as 400 millimetres (16 in) and the highest annual rainfall level of 904.5 millimetres (35.61 in) was recorded in 2003.
Wind speeds vary during the year, from 5 (5.8 mph; 9.3 km/h) in December to 24 knots (28 mph; 44 km/h) in June. The relative humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in August. The highest temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded on 18 June 1995, while the lowest −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) occurred on 7 January 1970. Some buildings in the old city feature carved wooden balconies. Historically, the old city of Peshawar was a heavily guarded citadel that consisted of high walls.
In the 21st century, only remnants of the walls remain, but the houses and continue to be structures of significance. Most of the houses are constructed of unbaked bricks, with the incorporation of wooden structures for protection against earthquakes, with many composed of wooden doors and latticed wooden balconies.
Numerous examples of the city's old architecture can still be seen in areas such as. In the old city, located in inner-Peshawar, many historic monuments and bazaars exist in the 21st century, including the Mohabbat Khan Mosque, and the. Due to the damage caused by rapid growth and development, the old walled city has been identified as an area that urgently requires restoration and protection. The walled city was surrounded by several main gates that served as the main entry points into the city — in January 2012, an announcement was made that the government plans to address the damage that has left the gates largely non-existent over time, with all of the gates targeted for restoration. Demographics Population The population of Peshawar district in 1998 was 2,026,851. The city's annual growth rate is estimated at 3.29% per year, and the 2016 population of Peshawar district is estimated to be 3,405,414.
With a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census, Peshawar is the sixth-largest city of Pakistan. Language The primary native languages spoken in Peshawar are and, though English is used in the city's educational institutions, while Urdu is almost universally understood throughout the city. Pashto is used as a language of instruction in the province's public schools. The district of Peshawar is overwhelmingly Pashto-speaking, though the Hindko-speaking minority is concentrated in Peshawar's old city, Hindko speakers in Peshawar increasingly assimilate elements of Pashto and Urdu into their speech. Religion Peshawar is overwhelmingly Muslim, with Muslims making up 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census. Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the live in Peshawar.
And are also found in the city − though most of the city's Hindu and Sikh community migrated en masse to India following the in 1947. Though the city's Sikh population drastically declined after Partition, the Sikh community has been bolstered in Peshawar by the arrival of appximately 4,000 Sikh refugees from conflict in the; In 2008, the largest Sikh population in Pakistan was located in Peshawar. Sikhs in Peshawar self-identify as Pashtuns and speak as their mother tongue. There was a small, but, thriving community until the late 1940s. After the partition and the emergence of the, Jews left for Israel. Afghan refugees Peshawar has hosted Afghan refugees since the start of the in 1978, though the rate of migration drastically increased following the in 1979.
By 1980, 100,000 refugees a month were entering the province, with 25% of all refugees living in Peshawar district in 1981. The arrival of large numbers of Afghan refugees strained Peshawar's infrastructure, and drastically altered the city's demography. During the 1988 national elections, an estimated 100,000 Afghans refugees were illegally registered to vote in Peshawar. With the influx of Afghan refugees into Peshawar, the city became a hub for Afghan musicians and artists. Some Afghan refugees have established successful businesses in Peshawar, and play an important role in the city's economy.
In recent years, Peshawar district hosts up to 20% of all Afghan refugees in Pakistan. In 2005, Peshawar district was home to 611,501 Afghan refugees — who constituted 19.7% of the district's total population. Peshawar's immediate environs were home to large Afghan refugee camps, with camp hosting up to 300,000 refugees in 2001 – making it the largest refugee camp in Asia at the time. Afghan refugees began to be frequently accused of involvement with terrorist attacks that occurred during Pakistan's. By 2015 the Pakistani government adopted a policy to repatriate Afghan refugees, including many who had spent their entire life in Pakistan.
The policy of repatriation was also encouraged by the government of Afghanistan, though many refugees had not registered themselves in Pakistan. Unregistered refugees returning to Afghanistan without their old Afghan identification documents now have no official status in Afghanistan either.
Economy Peshawar's economic importance has historically been linked to its privileged position at the entrance to the – the ancient travel route by which most trade between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent passed. Peshawar's economy also benefited from tourism in the mid-20th century, as the city formed a crucial part of the. Peshawar's estimated monthly per capita income was ₨55,246 in 2015, compared to ₨117,924 in, and ₨66,359 in. Peshawar's surrounding region is also relatively poor − Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's cities on average have an urban per capita income that is 20% less than Pakistan's national average for urban residents. Peshawar was noted by the in 2014 to be at the helm of a nationwide movement to create an ecosystem for entrepreneurship, freelance jobs, and technology.
The city has been host to the World Bank assisted — an annual event to connect the city and province's youths to opportunities in the. The 2017 event hosted 100 speakers including several international speakers, and approximately 3,000 delegates in attendance.
Industry Peshawar's Industrial Estate on Jamrud Road is an industrial zone established in the 1960s on 868 acres. The industrial estate hosts furniture, marble industries, and food processing industries, though many of its plots remain underutilized. The Hayatabad Industrial Estate hosts 646 industrial units in Peshawar's western suburbs, though several of the units are no longer in use.
As part of the, 4 are to be established in the province, with roads, electricity, gas, water, and security to be provided by the government. The nearby Hattar SEZ is envisioned to provide employment to 30,000 people, and is being developed at a cost of approximately $200 million with completion expected in 2017. Employment As a result of large numbers of displaced persons in the city, only 12% of Peshawar's residents were employed in the formalized economy in 2012. Approximately 41% of residents in 2012 were employed in personal services, while 55% of Afghan refugees in the city in 2012 were daily wage earners. By 2016, Pakistan adopted a policy to repatriate Afghan refugees.
Wages for unskilled workers in Peshawar grew on average 9.1% per year between 2002 and 2008. Following the outbreak of widespread Islamist violence in 2007, wages rose only 1.5% between 2008 and 2014. Real wages dropped for some skilled craftsmen during the period between 2008 and 2014. Constraints Peshawar's economy has been negatively impacted by political instability since 1979 resulting from the and subsequent strain on Peshawar's infrastructure from the influx of refugees. The poor security environment resulting from Islamist violence also impacted the city's economy. With the launch of in 2014, the country's security environment has drastically improved. The metropolitan economy suffers from poor infrastructure.
The city's economy has also been adversely impacted by shortages of electricity and natural gas. The $54 billion will generate over 10,000 MW by 2018 – greater than the current electricity deficit of approximately 4,500 MW. Peshawar will also be linked to ports in Karachi by uninterrupted motorway access, while passenger and freight railway tracks will be upgraded between Peshawar and Karachi. Poor transportation is estimated to cause a loss of 4–6% of the Pakistani. Peshawar for decades has suffered from chaotic, mismanaged, and inadequate public transportation. The provincial government, which started construction of the new system, noted that poor public transportation also has been detrimental to the city's economy. Transportation Road.
New, such as this one near the suburb of, have been constructed in recent years to improve traffic flow. Peshawar's east-west growth axis is centred on the historic that connects Peshawar to and. The road is roughly paralleled by the between Peshawar and Islamabad, while the provides an alternate route to Lahore from Islamabad. The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the, with onwards connections to and via the. Peshawar is to be completely encircled by the in order to divert traffic away from the city's congested centre.
The road is currently under construction, with some portions open to traffic. The provides access between the Peshawar region and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via in the Chinese region of.
The provides access to points south of Peshawar, with a terminus in the southern port city of via and northern. The 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of Peshawar provides access to the city of along the Indus Highway. Motorways.
A on the that connects Peshawar to and. Peshawar is connected to and by the 155 kilometre long. The motorway also links Peshawar to major cities in the province, such as and. The M-1 motorway continues onwards to as part of the.
Pakistan's motorway network links Peshawar to Faisalabad by the, while a new motorway network to is being built as part of the. The is also under construction as part of CPEC, and will provide control-access motorway travel all the way to via the M-1 and Hazara Motorways. Rail serves as the terminus for Pakistan's 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi)-long railway that connects the city to the port city of and passes through the. The Peshawar to Karachi route is served by the, and the services.
The entire Main Line-1 railway track between Karachi and Peshawar is to be overhauled at a cost of $3.65 billion for the first phase of the project, with completion by 2021. Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track. Peshawar was also once the terminus of the, a tourist-oriented train that provided rail access to.
The service was discontinued as the security situation west of Peshawar deteriorated with the beginning of the region's Taliban insurgency. Offers direct flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to, and the. Peshawar is served by the, located in the. The airport served 1,255,303 passengers between 2014 and 2015, the vast majority of whom were international travelers. The airport offers direct flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to, and the.
Public transit , a system, is currently under construction with assistance from the. The line will stretch from in the east, to Hayatabad in the west to replace Peshawar's current chaotic, dilapidated, and inadequate transportation system. The system will have 31 stations and will be mostly at grade, with four kilometres of elevated sections. The system will also contain 3.5 kilometres of underpasses.
The TransPeshawar system will be complemented by a feeder system, with an additional 100 stations along those feeder lines, all of which will be new construction. This section needs expansion. You can help. (October 2017) Politics Peshawar has historically served as the political centre of the region, and is currently the capital city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The city and province have been historically regarded to be strongholds of the – a secular and moderate-nationalist party. The had also enjoyed considerable support in the province due to its.
Despite being a centre for leftist politics in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar is still generally known throughout Pakistan for its social conservatism. Sunni Muslims in the city are regarded to be socially conservative, while the city's Shia population is considered to be more socially liberal. A plurality of voters in province, of which Peshawar is the capital, elected one of Pakistan's only religiously-based provincial governments during the period of military dictatorship of. A ground-swell of anti-American sentiment after the 2001 contributed to the Islamist coalition's victory. The Islamists introduced a range of social restrictions following the election of the Islamist coalition in 2002, though Islamic law was never fully enacted. Restrictions on public musical performances were introduced, as well as a ban prohibiting music to be played in any public places, including on public transportation – which lead to the creation of a thriving underground music scene in Peshawar.
In 2005, the coalition successfully passed the 'Prohibition of Use of Women in Photograph Bill, 2005,' leading to the removal of all public advertisements in Peshawar that featured women. The religious coalition was swept out of power by the secular and leftist in elections after the fall of Musharraf in 2008, leading to the removal of the MMA's socially conservative laws. 62% of eligible voters voted in the election. The Awami National Party was targeted by Taliban militants, with hundreds of its members having been assassinated by the. In 2013, the centre-right was elected to power in the province on an anti-corruption platform. Peshawar city recorded a voter turnout of 80% for the 2013 elections.
Municipal services 86% of Peshawar's households have access to municipal piped water as of 2015, though 39% of Peshawar's households purchase water from private companies in 2015. 42% of Peshawar households are connected to municipal sewerage as of 2015. Culture Music After the 2002 Islamist government implemented restrictions on public musical performances, a thriving underground music scene took root in Peshawar.
After the start of Pakistan's insurgency in 2007–2008, militants began targeting members of Peshawar's cultural establishment. By 2007, Taliban militants began a widespread campaign of bombings against music and video shops across the Peshawar region, leading to the closure of many others. In 2009, Pashto musical artist Aiyman Udas was assassinated by Taliban militants on the city's outskirts. In June 2012, a Pashto singer, Ghazala Javed, and her father were killed in Peshawar, after they had fled rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for the relative security of Peshawar. Musicians began to return to the city by 2016, with a security environment greatly improved following the in 2014 to eradicate militancy in the country. The provincial government in 2016 announced a monthly income of $300 to 500 musicians in order to help support their work, as well as a $5 million fund to 'revive the rich cultural heritage of the province.'
Main articles: and Numerous educational institutes — schools, colleges and universities — are located in Peshawar. 21.6% of children between the ages of 5 and 9 were not enrolled in any school in 2013, while 16.6% of children in the 10 to 14 age range were out of school. The (UOP) was established in October 1950 by the first., founded in 1900 by Herbert Edwardes, is the oldest college in the province. Dawn Media Group. 1 March 2017.
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